The procedure of protest and appeal is basically a way to ascertain the validity and accuracy of the awards issued by courts. Substantive proceedings either of the first instance or the appeal stage of trials to some extent affirms the accuracy of the judgments and gives effectiveness to them. There is a further exceptional way of revision called retrial which can be applied against final judgments following the request of the losing party. Exceptional and exclusive causations are required to apply for retrial. These causations in both civil and criminal cases are of such importance that, if they are proved, the final judgment will lose its effectiveness and will be reversed.In this article, we introduce and analyse the principles governing retrial in both Iranian and comparative law.

Penalties that are based on principles that can be applied in all punishments should be respected whik corporal punishment is one of the types of sanctions that has been divided according to the nature of the punishment. This type of penalty follows certain principles that distinguishes them from other punishments. Although these principles can be also be seen in some other punishments, despite this corporal punishment is placed under question. Inflicting pain, causing stigma, being severe, vindictiveness and retribution are certain principles governing corporal punishments. What do these principles mean and what is their basis? What aims do these principles follow? In today's social situation and according to Iran's penal system, how is corporal punishment and what place does it have? This set of issues is investigated and discussed in this paper.

The interpretation of the constitution is essential in any legal system to address emerging issues and ambiguities in the implementation of law. However, not all legal systems, experts in this field, or interpretive institutions follow a uniform interpretive approach. Each interpretive approach will result in different interpretive tools used by the interpreter and different outcomes; a matter of unparalleled importance regarding the constitution. In interpreting the constitution as the supreme law and foundational document of a society, question is whether the interpreter is completely free to interpret the constitution as they see fit, or they are bound by a clearly defined framework that they cannot disregard? The guarantee of individual rights in the constitution rests on the interpreter adhering to specific principles and operating within a defined framework within interpreting the law.

This paper presents an analysis of the rules and principles of international law that apply to arbitration between States. First, the principles of peaceful settlement of international disputes in general are analyzed; then different means of dispute settlement in international law are discussed. Arbitration as a free choice of judicial settlement of international disputes is the focus of argument. The paper examines the history of arbitration in international law and defines the concept of arbitration from a legal point of view. It discusses the basic principles and rules that govern arbitration between States. The paper also examines the existing arbitration mechanisms and discusses the basic elements of an arbitration agreement (compromis). Finally, it is concluded that despite the developments of dispute resolution mechanisms in international law, arbitration will continue to be one of the most used methods for dispute settlement between States, due to its high degree of flexibility. This is a natural result of the extent of choices available to States and the degree or control these States have over this type of dispute resolution.

Arg-i Bam is considered the world’s biggest and oldest castle made of clay and sun-baked bricks. The castle served as a complete city and was habitable up to the 20th century. In this article, after giving a brief historical account of Arg-i Bam, the author both examines and criticizes its architectural components and characteristics on the basis of recognizing the skeletal features of the city, as well as those of other contemporary-built cities. The goal of this research is to make clear the architectural style (s) inside the city so as to shed light on the historical period when it was established and on its cultural and social effects on the era. From the author’s viewpoint, knowing this and availing from the advantages of this kind of architecture, when adapted to the social conditions of that era, can help us in building Persian-originated constructions.

Background: The relationship between ethics and law is certain and confirmed and emphasized by philosophers, moral thinkers and lawyers. A just and fair trial is one of the most fundamental ethical demands in the legal system, and adherence to ethical principles in the trial stages is one of the needs that is tangible in proceedings today, especially in criminal quasi-judicial authorities. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the ethical principles governing fair proceedings in Iran's legal system. Conclusion: Finding the objectivity of justice requires law and rule. Governments are committed to ensuring the right to a fair trial for people in various ways, including legislation and the provision of an effective enforcement mechanism. The most sublime and thorough interpretations in this field can be found in the teachings of the religion of Islam. Islam has always called for the establishment of justice and justice, the rights of the oppressed, the establishment of peace and tranquility, and public judgment. The system of the Islamic Republic of Iran also seeks to ensure a fair trial with the support of the religion of Islam. Fair trial includes many examples that every person has in the process of both criminal and civil proceedings. Examples of fair proceedings include: the right to sue, access to impartial and independent courts, equality of defense possibilities, the principle of confrontation or correspondence, the right to face and open proceedings, the right to appeal and the right to proceedings within a reasonable time.

Today, the stock exchange is considered as a center for attracting community funds and also preventing the negative consequences of increasing liquidity among the people on the economy and the welfare of the society, and stock exchange transactions are called as the pulse of the economy of countries. In this regard, the stock market is an organized and official market where transactions such as securities such as company shares and partnership bonds are concluded. Stock exchange transactions are one of the commercial transactions that the traditional provisions of the civil law cannot adequately meet the needs of these transactions, and these transactions are conducted only by brokers, and they perform the transactions as representatives of the parties. These transactions are governed by principles such as the principle of competition, the principle of information transparency, the principle of prohibition of the use of confidential information and the principle of supervision. The characteristics of stock markets and transactions have caused that the general rules of the civil law and other regulations are not enough to regulate stock market transactions. In other words, the major differences between stock market transactions and other transactions require that certain principles and rules govern stock market transactions, so that currently the Civil Law, the Commercial Law, the Securities Market Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran approved in 2005, the Transaction Code In Tehran Stock Exchange Company and its affiliates approved in 2006, the executive instructions on how to conduct transactions in Tehran Stock Exchange approved in 2010 and the instructions for registration, depositing, settlement and settlement approved in 2009 in the stock exchange govern.

Financial institutions today have a tremendous impact on the economy by providing a variety of services, and innovative activities have found a special place in the financial system. The systematic legislation and networks of The Seal of Religions, i. e. Islam, make us believe that the needs and requirements of the present age, along with the cure of the pains and problems of the modern world, can be achieved in the light of adherence to divine commands. In this article, which is exploratory in purpose and descriptive-analytical in substance, a qualitative methodology and Delphi technique have been used to analyze the data and achieve elite consensus. This study expresses the principles and rules governing the activities of the financial institution at the level of the Islamic society so that by observing rules such as paying attention to spiritual values, supporting the creation of real added value, prohibiting the circulation of wealth in the hands of a particular group, creating benefits for all members of society and protecting social capitals, we could accelerate the movement towards the ultimate Islamic civilization. The financial institution at the level of the Islamic system must adhere to certain rules and criteria so that it could be adorned with an Islamic character. Therefore, it is suggested that in designing the Islamic financial system, while observing the rules that govern tools and Islamizing them, markets and institutions be redefined within religious principles and regulations and replace the versions that have a mere Islamic appearance.

One of the recurrent issues within Islamic government is the resolution of international conflicts via negotiation. Explanation of the scope of negotiations with non-Muslim governments and commitment and adherence to that based on the principles and rules of jurisprudence is the missing area of research. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study aims at explaining the nature and the effects of rules and principles of jurisprudence governing negotiation relying on the duty-oriented perspective. The findings show that the institution of negotiation is a necessary primary concept but not a secondary emergency one within the Shi'a jurisprudence. The jurisprudential principles and fundamental rules of negotiation including no-domination rule, fitness of behavior rule, the principles of honor, wisdom, and rational expediency indicate active but not passive negotiation. Active negotiation is rooted in duty-oriented perspective. According to this jurisprudential view, to fulfill the duties within critical conditions of negotiation with enemies, the Islamic negotiators should adopt soft and flexible tactics in the process of negotiation in order that non-Muslim governments cannot impose limitations and sanctions through situational planning.